ʻO ka pauka Silicon carbide kahi mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia i ka metallurgy pauka; ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka carbide silika ʻeleʻele no ka hana ʻana i nā mea me ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa-e like me ka hao a me nā metala non-ferrous-a me nā mea metala ʻole e like me ka pōhaku a me ka ʻili. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka carbide ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka wili pololei ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī a palupalu, e like me nā carbide cemented (tungsten carbide), aniani aniani, a me nā seramika kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka moʻolelo o ka silicon carbide he hōʻike i ke akamai kanaka. ʻOiai ke ʻano maoli ma ke ʻano o ka mineral moissanite loaʻa loa - loaʻa wale i nā helu i loko o nā meteorites - hilinaʻi ka honua ʻoihana i ka hana synthetic. Ke hoʻomau nei ke kaʻina hana Acheson i ke kūlana gula no ka hana ʻana, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i nā makahiki he mau makahiki e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikehu a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka huahana. ʻO ka hopena "crude" silicon carbide a laila ʻoki ʻia, holoi ʻia, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia i loko o nā ʻano nui e hana i ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide a mākou e hoʻohana nei i kēia lā.
Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka helu ʻana o kēia mau pauka e nā kūlana honua e like me FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives), ANSI (American National Standards Institute), a me JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards). ʻO kēia mau maʻamau e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka like ʻana o ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili i ka hili ʻana, polishing, a me nā hana wili. Hiki i ka pauda me ka nui o ka nui o ka palaoa ke hana i nā ʻōpala hohonu i loko o kahi mea hana maʻalahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka pauka i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia e hōʻoia i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka hopena kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka maʻemaʻe kemika o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide e hoʻoholo i kona mau waiwai kino a me ka noi i manaʻo ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pauka abrasive kiʻekiʻe e ko lākou ʻike SiC, me nā pākēneka kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike pinepine ana i ka paʻakikī a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka pono. Aia ma lalo kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka haku mele maʻamau no ka Black and Green Silicon Carbide.
| ʻāpana | ʻEleʻele Silicon Carbide (%) | 'Omaomao Silicon Carbide (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Kapili Silika (SiC) | 98.00 - 98.80 | 99.00 - 99.50 |
| Kalapona manuahi (C) | ≤ 0.20 | ≤ 0.15 |
| Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) | ≤ 0.30 | ≤ 0.10 |
| Mea Magnetic | ≤ 0.005 | ≤ 0.003 |
| Nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe | Kaulana | Kaulana |
Loaʻa ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka carbide silika ʻōmaʻomaʻo (ʻoi aku ma mua o 99% SiC) ma o ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka a ʻoi aku ka mana o ka lewa umu. ʻO kēia maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e unuhi i kahi hoʻolālā palaoa ʻoi aʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ma nā noi wili kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hana mechanical o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā abrasives kahiko e like me ka alumini oxide a i ʻole garnet. ʻO kona paʻakikī a me ka paʻa wela i waena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa no nā mea synthetic. Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kino e wehewehe ana i kāna pono hana.
| Waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau | Huina ana |
|---|---|---|
| Hoʻokumu Crystal | Hexagonal/Alpha | - |
| Mohs Paʻakikī | 9.2 - 9.5 | Helu 1-10 |
| Knoop Hardness (K100) | 2400 - 2800 | kg/mm² |
| ʻO ka mānoanoa | 3.15 - 3.25 | g/cm³ |
| Lae hehee | 2,730 (Dissociation) | °C |
| ʻO ka hoʻoili wela | 60 - 150 | W/m·K |
| Ka ikaika hoʻopili | 3.9 - 4.5 | GPa |
Ma muli o kēia mau waiwai mechanical, ʻaʻole wale ka carbide silicon he abrasive maikaʻi loa akā he mea refractory maikaʻi hoʻi. ʻO kona hiki ke mālama i ka pono a me ka paʻakikī i nā mahana ma mua o 1,000 ° C he mea kūpono ia no nā lako kiln kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻololi wela.
Hāʻawi ʻo Silicon carbide abrasive powder i kahi hoʻonohonoho kūʻokoʻa o nā pōmaikaʻi e hoʻolilo iā ia i koho koho no ke koi ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi o ka mea ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā wela wela.
Hoʻololi pololei kēia mau mea maikaʻi i ka mālama kālā no nā mea hana ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lole paahana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o nā pōʻai hana. Ma nā hana wili kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hiki o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide e mālama i kāna "nahu" ka hopena i ka liʻiliʻi i koi ʻia a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili.
ʻO ka versatility o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ma waena o kahi ʻano nui o nā ʻoihana. Mai ka hana kuʻuna a hiki i ka ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki, ʻaneʻane palena ʻole kāna mau noi.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pili kekahi hihia koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana lā. Ke pivo nei ka honua i ka ikehu hou, ua hilinaʻi nui ka hana ʻana o ke silika maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe no nā panela lā i ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ingots silika i loko o nā wafer lahilahi. ʻOiai ua kaulana ka uea daimana, ʻo ka SiC slurry ke ʻano koʻikoʻi no nā noi kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe ma kēia māhele.
ʻOiai ke kaʻana like nei nā ʻano ʻelua i ka kemika kumu, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa maʻalahi ma waena o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo silicon carbide abrasive pauka he mea koʻikoʻi no nā hopena ʻoihana. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka carbide silika ʻeleʻele e ka hana ʻana i ka silica a me ke kalapona me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai a me ka sawdust. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea hoʻohui e hopena i ka maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa akā hana i kahi hua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka wili ʻana i nā mea e like me ka pōhaku a me ka hao.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka carbide silicon ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā mea maka a me ka ʻole o kekahi mau mea hoʻohui, e hopena i kahi aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka translucent. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi (ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka haki) ma mua o ka SiC ʻeleʻele, e like me ka hemahema, akā he pōmaikaʻi maoli ia no nā hana pololei. ʻO ka friability kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o ka abrasive i kona ola ʻana, e lilo ia i koho mua no ka wili ʻana i nā mea hana tungsten carbide a me nā mea uila kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide e kona nui grit. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā grits i loko o Macro grits (F8 a F220) a me Micro grits (F230 a F2000). ʻO ka maʻamau FEPA ka pae honua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no kēia mau nui.
No ka laʻana, ʻano koʻikoʻi ka pauka grit F60 a hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea kaumaha, e like me ka wili ʻana i nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻino. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pauka F1200 he mea like me ka palaoa maikaʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoliʻi hope ʻana o nā aniani telescope a i ʻole ka lahilahi o nā wafers semiconductor. Pono ka loaʻa ʻana o ka "Pole Polani" i kahi kaʻina hana he nui kahi e hoʻomaka ai kahi technician me kahi pauka abrasive silicon carbide a neʻe mālie i nā grits maikaʻi e wehe i nā ʻōpala i waiho ʻia e ka pae mua.
Hōʻike nā helu mākeke e ulu ana ka noi no nā pauka micro-sized i ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka macro grits, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka miniaturization o nā mea uila a me ka piʻi nui o ka pono no ka hoʻopau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻāpana aerospace. Wahi a nā hōʻike ʻoihana hou, manaʻo ʻia ka mākeke micro-grit SiC e ʻike i kahi CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) ma luna o 5.5% a hiki i 2030.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻohana hou loa o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide ʻaʻole ia he abrasive, akā ʻo ia ka precursor no nā wafers SiC i hoʻohana ʻia i ka uila uila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pauka abrasive ponoʻī ke pāʻani pālua ma ʻaneʻi. I ka hana ʻana i kēia mau wafers, hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka SiC e like me ka mea maka i nā ʻōnaehana ʻo Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) e ulu ai i nā boules SiC hoʻokahi-crystal. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e ulu ai ka boule, pono e ʻoki ʻia a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia me ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻili "epi-mākaukau" i koi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka chip.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā semiconductor carbide silikon ma mua o ka silika kuʻuna no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke mālama i nā volta kiʻekiʻe, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana. He mea nui kēia no nā mea hoʻohuli mana ma Tesla a me nā kaʻa uila ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻonui nei ka mākeke EV, ʻo ke kaulahao lako holoʻokoʻa - mai ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide a hiki i ka module mana i hoʻopau ʻia - ke ʻike nei i ka hoʻopukapuka mua ʻole a me ka holomua ʻenehana.
E like me nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana, ʻo ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide he hopena kaiapuni. ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻo Acheson he mea ikaika a hoʻopuka i carbon dioxide ma ke ʻano he hopena. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻokō nei nā mea hana hou i nā ʻenehana hopu kalapona a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kumu ikehu hou e hiki ai ke hoʻoikaika i kā lākou mau umu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka maikaʻi o ka SiC ma ke ʻano he abrasive ʻo ia ka mea e koi ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea e hana ai i kahi hana kikoʻī i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā abrasives palupalu, e hōʻemi ana i ke kahawai ʻōpala holoʻokoʻa.
Ma ke ʻano o ka palekana o ka wahi hana, ua manaʻo ʻia ka silicon carbide he "puehu hoʻopilikia." ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ke ʻano ʻoi o nā ʻāpana ʻo ia ka mea e koi ʻia ka lawe ʻana i ka lepo kūpono a me nā lako pale pilikino (PPE) i nā wahi ʻoihana. ʻO ka mālama pono ʻana e hōʻoia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o kēia mea kupaianaha me ka ʻole e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino o ka limahana.
Ua hoʻololi hou ʻia kahi mea hana aerospace nui mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huila alumini oxide kuʻuna i nā kāʻei silicon carbide-coated a me nā pauka no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā lau turbine i hana ʻia me nā alloys titanium. He mea nui nā hopena. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me nā waiwai wela o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide, ua hōʻike ka mea hana i ka hōʻemi ʻana o 30% i ka manawa hana i kēlā me kēia lau a me ka piʻi ʻana o 20% i ke ola o ka media abrasive.
ʻO ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana o ka pauka SiC i pale i ka "pahu" o ka ʻili titanium, kahi pilikia maʻamau me nā abrasive palupalu e alakaʻi pinepine ai i nā hemahema o ka ʻili a me nā nāwaliwali o ke kūkulu. Hōʻike kēia hihia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka silicon carbide maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻopili pololei i ka laina lalo a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea koʻikoʻi palekana.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide, ʻo ke kūlike o ka maikaʻi ka mea nui loa. Pono nā mea hoʻohana ʻoihana e ʻimi i nā mea hoʻolako e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike hōʻike hōʻuluʻulu piha (BAR) a i ʻole Certificates of Analysis (COA). Pono kēia mau palapala e hōʻoia i ka maʻiʻo SiC, ka māhele nui o ka particle (PSD), a me nā pae haumia.
Eia kekahi, pili ke kino o ka palaoa. No kekahi mau noi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa blocky no ka lōʻihi, a no nā mea ʻē aʻe, pono ka ʻai ʻoi e like me ka nila no ka ʻoki ʻana. Hāʻawi ka mea hoʻolako ʻoihana i nā ʻano huapalaoa like ʻole a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili (e like me ka hoʻōla wela a i ʻole ka uhi kemika) no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pauka no nā mīkini kikoʻī a me nā pono waiwai o ka mea kūʻai.
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide ke nānā aku nei i ka mālamalama, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka "Three Electrifications": ka electrification o ka lawe ʻana, ka electrification o ka grid, a me ka electrification o ka wela ʻoihana. Ke neʻe nei nā ʻoihana honua i nā mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, e ulu wale ke koi no SiC e hoʻolālā a hoʻopau i kēia mau mea.
Ke hana nei ka hana hou ma ka nano-scale. Ke noiʻi ʻia nei nā pauka carbide Nano-silicona no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui metala-matrix i hoʻoikaika ʻia a me nā uhi seramika kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohiki kēia mau mea i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ratio ikaika-a-kaumaha, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ʻenekinia hana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole ʻo Silicon carbide he "puehu wili" wale nō; he mea kumu ia no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻenehana.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide he mea hana ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa i wehewehe ʻia e kona paʻakikī kokoke-diamond, conductivity thermal kūikawā, a me ke kūpaʻa kemika. Ua ʻimi mākou i kāna hana kemika, me ka ʻike ʻana i nā pae maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e pono ai no ka hana kiʻekiʻe, a nānā i kāna hana mechanical, e hōʻike ana i kāna kuleana i nā kaiapuni wela wela. Mai ka wili koʻikoʻi o ka hao me ka SiC ʻeleʻele a hiki i ka polishing pololei o nā semiconductor me ka SiC ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻaʻole kūlike ka versatility o kēia mea. ʻO kāna mau mea maikaʻi, e like me ke ʻano crystalline koi a me ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela, hāʻawi i nā pōmaikaʻi ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka pono a me ka maikaʻi. Ke ulu nei nā ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaʻa uila a me ka aerospace, e noho mau ka silicon carbide i mea waiwai nui i ka mea hana hana honua.
1. He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo silicon carbide abrasive pauka?
Loaʻa i ka carbide silikonʻeleʻele nā mea haumia a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, no laila kūpono ia no nā mea ikaika haʻahaʻa e like me ka hao a me ka pōhaku. ʻOi aku ka maʻemaʻe o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo silicon carbide (maʻa mau ma mua o 99%) a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka wili pololei ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī e like me ka tungsten carbide a me ke aniani aniani.
2. Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide?
ʻAe, i nā noi he nui e like me ka sandblasting a i ʻole kekahi mau kaʻina lapping, hiki ke kiʻi hou ʻia ʻo SiC a hoʻohana hou i nā manawa he nui. Eia nō naʻe, no ka palupalu, e wāwahi ʻia nā ʻāpana i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me kēlā me kēia hoʻohana ʻana, e nalowale ana ko lākou pono no ka kikoʻī kumu.
3. Ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka silicon carbide ma mua o ka alumini oxide?
ʻAe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka carbide silika ma mua o ka alumini oxide. Ma ka pālākiō Mohs, ʻo SiC ka 9.2 a i ka 9.5, aʻo ka alumini oxide ma kahi o 9.0. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka SiC no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a i ʻole nā mea palupalu.
4. He pōʻino anei ka pauda silika carbide?
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo SiC he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole a ʻaʻole i helu ʻia he carcinogen. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā pauda maikaʻi, ʻo ka inhalation hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka hanu. E hoʻohana mau i ka ventila kūpono a e hoʻohana i ka pale lepo a i ʻole respirator i ka wā e lawelawe ai i ka pauka ma kahi maloʻo.
5. Pehea wau e koho ai i ka nui grit kūpono no kaʻu papahana?
ʻO ke koho e pili ana i ka hoʻopau makemake. ʻO nā helu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (e laʻa, F24, F36) he ʻano a hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea. Maikaʻi a hoʻohana ʻia nā helu kiʻekiʻe aʻe (e laʻa, F600, F1000) no nā hoʻopau ʻoluʻolu, e like me ke aniani. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, pono kahi papahana i kahi kaʻina o nā grits mai ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i ka maikaʻi.
6. Ua pau anei ka pauka abrasive silicon carbide?
ʻAʻole, ʻo ka silicon carbide he mineral paʻa kemika a ʻaʻole e pau a hoʻohaʻahaʻa paha i ka manawa inā mālama ʻia i kahi ʻāina maloʻo a maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo nui i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wai, hiki ke hoʻopili i ka pauka.
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